Kıbrıs Krizi, 1974

15 Temmuz 1974'te Yunan cuntası Kıbrıs Cumhurbaşkanı Makarios'a karşı bir darbe tezgâhladı. 20 Temmuz'da Türkiye askerî olarak müdahale etti; 14 Ağustos'ta ikinci harekât geldi. Altı kurum — CIA, INR, ABD Dışişleri, NSC, İngiliz Ortak İstihbarat Komitesi ve NATO Askerî Komitesi — aynı haftalarda aynı olayları değerlendirdi ve aynı sonuca varmadı.

51 belge 6 iddia 1974-04-01 → 1975-12-31

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Kronoloji

• 1974-06-21 — Kurumlararası İstihbarat Muhtırası müdahaleyi olası görmüyor
  İstihbarat topluluğu Türkiye'nin ancak "Yunanistan'ın adayı ele geçirme girişimi gibi olası olmayan bir durumda" çıkarma yapacağını değerlendiriyor.
• 1974-06-29 — Dışişleri, Atina'yı Makarios'u devirmeye karşı uyarıyor
  141500 sayılı telgraf darbe riskini on altı gün önceden açıkça yazıyor.
• 1974-07-15 — Makarios'a karşı darbe
  Yunan subaylı Kıbrıs Milli Muhafız Gücü Makarios'u deviriyor; yerine Nikos Sampson getiriliyor.
• 1974-07-17 — Ecevit ABD büyükelçisine müdahale edeceklerini söylüyor
  80 dakikalık görüşme: müdahalenin "birkaç günden" fazla ertelenmesi kabul edilemez.
• 1974-07-18 — Sisco mekik diplomasisi: Londra, Ankara, Atina
  ABD zaman kazanmaya ve çıkarmayı önlemeye çalışıyor.
• 1974-07-20 — Türk askerî müdahalesi başlıyor
  Türk kuvvetleri Girne yakınlarına çıkıyor.
• 1974-07-23 — Yunan cuntası çöküyor; Karamanlis dönüyor
  Atina cuntası iktidarı sivil hükümete devrediyor.
• 1974-07-25 — Cenevre konferansları
  Garantör güçler toplanıyor; görüşmeler ağustosta çöküyor.
• 1974-08-14 — İkinci Türk harekâtı
  Türk kuvvetleri adayı bugün de bölen hatta ilerliyor.
• 1974-08-14 — Yunanistan NATO askerî kanadından çekiliyor
  İkinci harekâtla aynı gün açıklanıyor.
• 1974-09-10 — INR otopsi raporu Kissinger'a sunuluyor
  "Elimizde 'uyarı' denebilecek bir şey olduğu sonucuna varılamaz."
• 1975-10-03 — Pike Komitesi Kıbrıs'ı istihbarat başarısızlığı olarak inceliyor
  Kıbrıs 1974 dört vaka incelemesinden biri; oturumlar iptal ediliyor.

Sınanan iddialar

• Türkiye'nin Kıbrıs'a askerî müdahale etme olasılığı giderek artıyordu. — 7 destekleyen, 4 çelişen (contested)
• Türkiye'nin amacı yalnızca Kıbrıslı Türk toplumunu korumak değil, fiilî taksimdi (çifte enosis). — 4 destekleyen, 1 çelişen (corroborated)
• ABD, Yunanistan'ın Makarios'a karşı hamlesi konusunda yeterli önceden uyarıya sahipti. — 3 destekleyen, 3 çelişen (contested)
• Makarios'a karşı darbe Yunan hükümeti tarafından tezgâhlandı. — 2 destekleyen, 0 çelişen (corroborated)
• İlk harekâttan sonra Türkiye savunulabilir bir taksim kurmak için gereken toprağa sahip değildi. — 1 destekleyen, 2 çelişen (refuted)
• Yunanistan Kıbrıs için Türkiye ile savaşa girmeyecekti. — 2 destekleyen, 2 çelişen (corroborated)

Bu vakadaki belgeler (51)

• 06762112 — CYPRUS: Makarios Cracks Down on EOKA-B (CIA, 1974-04-26)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D75 — Study Prepared by the Interdepartmental Group for Near East and South Asia (State / NSC Interdepartmental Group (NEA), 1974-05-06)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D14 — Telegram From the Embassy in Greece to the Department of State (tel. 3705) (Embassy Athens, 1974-06-14)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D15 — Interagency Intelligence Memorandum: The Likelihood of Conflict Between Greece and Turkey (CIA / DIA / INR (Interagency), 1974-06-21)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D76 — Telegram From the Embassy in Turkey to the Department of State (tel. 5012) (Embassy Ankara, 1974-06-25)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D77 — Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassies in Greece and Cyprus (tel. 141500) (Department of State, 1974-06-29)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D78 — Telegram From the Embassy in Cyprus to the Department of State (tel. 1302) (Embassy Nicosia, 1974-07-09)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D79 — Memorandum From Rosemary Niehuss of the NSC Staff to Secretary of State Kissinger (NSC Staff, 1974-07-15)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D80 — Minutes of Meeting of the Washington Special Actions Group (NSC / WSAG, 1974-07-15)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D81 — Telegram From the Embassy in Greece to the Department of State (tel. 4494) (Embassy Athens, 1974-07-15)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D82 — Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Greece (tel. 152379) (Department of State, 1974-07-15)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D85 — Telegram From the Embassy in Turkey to the Department of State (tel. 5589) (Embassy Ankara, 1974-07-15)
• PREM 16/19 — CYPRUS. Coup d'etat in Cyprus: Archbishop Makarios replaced by Nicos Sampson; invasion of Northern Cyprus by Turkey; Glafcos Clerides, acting President of Cyprus; role of UK forces in Sovereign Base Areas (UK Prime Minister's Office, 1974-07-15, metadata only)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D86 — Minutes of Meeting of the Washington Special Actions Group (NSC / WSAG, 1974-07-16)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D90 — Telegram From the Embassy in Turkey to the Department of State (tel. 5629) (Embassy Ankara, 1974-07-17)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D91 — Minutes of Meeting of the Washington Special Actions Group (NSC / WSAG, 1974-07-17)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D93 — Transcript of Telephone Conversation Between President Nixon and Secretary Kissinger (White House / NSC, 1974-07-17)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D96 — Editorial Note (Sisco mission notes, London and Ankara) (Department of State, 1974-07-18)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D97 — Telegram From the Department of State to Certain Posts (tel. 156312) (Department of State, 1974-07-18)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D100 — Transcript of Telephone Conversation Between Kissinger and Secretary of Defense Schlesinger (Department of Defense / NSC, 1974-07-19)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D102 — Transcript of Telephone Conversation Between Kissinger and DCI Colby (CIA / NSC, 1974-07-19)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D103 — Transcript of Telephone Conversation Between President Nixon and Secretary Kissinger (White House / NSC, 1974-07-19)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D99 — Telegram From the Embassy in Greece to the Department of State (tel. 4658, Polto 20) (Department of State (Sisco, reporting from Athens), 1974-07-19)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D104 — Editorial Note (Sisco meetings in Ankara and Athens, 20 July) (Department of State, 1974-07-20)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D105 — Minutes of Meeting of the Washington Special Actions Group (NSC / WSAG, 1974-07-20)
• RECORD-MC-200774 SPEC — Military Committee Meeting on 20 July 1974 (NATO Military Committee, 1974-07-20, metadata only)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D111 — Transcript of Telephone Conversation Between Kissinger and Turkish Prime Minister Ecevit (Department of State / Turkish Government, 1974-07-21)
• LOC-HAK-471-4-4-0 — CYPRUS (DCI Briefing for 21 July WSAG Meeting) (CIA, 1974-07-21)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D112 — Briefing Memorandum From Assistant Secretary Hartman to Secretary Kissinger, with attached paper "Cyprus: Issues and Options" (Department of State / INR, 1974-07-22)
• LOC-HAK-471-4-5-9 — CYPRUS (Briefing for 22 July WSAG Meeting) (CIA, 1974-07-22)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D118 — Briefing Memorandum From Assistant Secretary Hartman to Secretary Kissinger (Department of State, 1974-07-23)
• IMSWM-175-74 — Broad Military Implications to NATO From the Cyprus Crisis 1974 (NATO International Military Staff, 1974-07-23, metadata only)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D120 — Telegram From the Embassy in Cyprus to the Department of State (tel. 1723) (Embassy Nicosia, 1974-07-24)
• PREM 16/20 — CYPRUS. Coup d'etat in Cyprus … UK involvement in negotiations for ceasefire; part 2 (UK Prime Minister's Office, 1974-07-26, metadata only)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D122 — Briefing Memorandum From the Cyprus Task Force to Secretary Kissinger (Department of State / INR (Cyprus Task Force), 1974-07-28)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D123 — Memorandum From DCI Colby to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (CIA, 1974-07-29, metadata only)
• RECORD-MC-030-74 — Military Committee Meeting on 23 July 1974 (NATO Military Committee, 1974-08-01, metadata only)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D130 — Paper Prepared in the Department of State: "Cyprus Contingencies" (Department of State / INR, 1974-08-13)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D131 — Minutes of Meeting of the Washington Special Actions Group (NSC / WSAG, 1974-08-14)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D132 — Minutes of Meeting of the Washington Special Actions Group (NSC / WSAG, 1974-08-15)
• RECORD-MC-032-74 RESTR — Military Committee Meeting on 14 August 1974 (NATO Military Committee, 1974-08-19, metadata only)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D143 — Memorandum From INR Director Hyland to Secretary Kissinger: "Some Thoughts on Cyprus" (INR (Bureau of Intelligence and Research), 1974-08-21)
• CIA-RDP80M01133A000700160012-2 — Forthcoming Intelligence Community Staff Post-Mortem Study of the Role of Intelligence During the Cyprus Crisis (CIA / Intelligence Community Staff, 1974-08-22)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D22 — Paper Prepared in the Central Intelligence Agency: "Athens' Frustrations With the US and the Prospects for the Greek Left" (CIA, 1974-08-29)
• FRUS 1969-76 v30 D148 — Memorandum From INR Director Hyland to Secretary Kissinger: "Cyprus Coup Post Mortem", with attached chronology (INR (Bureau of Intelligence and Research), 1974-09-10)
• CIA-RDP80M01082A000800070011-9 — Release of Post Mortem (memo DCI/IC-75-0685) (CIA / Intelligence Community Staff, 1975-07-29)
• CIA-RDP94T00754R000100230009-7 — Why Did Cyprus Coup Surprise U.S.? (CIA (Directorate of Intelligence records), 1975-10-03)
• PIKE-1975-CYPRUS — Report of the House Select Committee on Intelligence (Pike Committee) — section II.B.6 "Cyprus — failure of intelligence and policy" (US House Select Committee on Intelligence, 1976-02-16)
• GREESE-42 — George Kazamias, "From Pragmatism to Idealism to Failure: Britain in the Cyprus crisis of 1974", GreeSE Paper No. 42, Hellenic Observatory, LSE (LSE Hellenic Observatory (quoting UK JIC and Cabinet files), 2010-12-01)
• EBB-596 — The White House, the CIA and the Pike Committee, 1975 (Electronic Briefing Book 596) (National Security Archive, 2017-06-02)
• NIXON-CYPRUS-FA — Resources for Cyprus / 1974 Cypriot Coup (finding aid) (Richard Nixon Presidential Library, 2023-08-01)